On-farm welfare assessment in dairy goats in the Brazilian Northeast / [Avaliação do bem-estar de cabras leiteiras em fazendas no nordeste brasileiro]

The objective of this study was to apply a modified AWIN Goat protocol to evaluate and compare the welfare of adult lactating and non-lactating dairy goats at pen and individual levels on small farms located in Ceará, Northeast, Brazil, and to take into consideration the application of this protocol on Brazilian Northeast goat farms. Five farms with Lactating goats (L) and five farms with non-lactating goats (NL) were evaluated. At the first level of welfare assessment, animals were evaluated in the pen and during the second level of welfare assessment, animals were evaluated in the pen and individually. Indicators assessed were animal and resource-based indicators. Significant difference between L and NL on farms was set at P<0.05. Only queuing at feeding indicator showed significant difference (P=0.027) between groups in pens at the first level welfare assessment. On individual assessments, there was significant difference between L and NL regarding body condition score (P=0.003), overgrown claws (P=0.001) and udder asymmetry (P=0.001). The application of a modified AWIN Goat protocol on farms in Ceará was considered positive. In general, these results demonstrated that both groups are submitted to welfare problems in Ceará, although lactating goats present more challenges to cope.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar o protocolo AWIN de Cabras modificado para avaliar e comparar o bem-estar de cabras adultas lactantes e não lactantes em termos de baia e individualmente, em pequenas propriedades localizadas no Ceará, nordeste, Brasil, e levar em consideração a aplicação desse protocolo em fazendas caprinas do nordeste brasileiro. Cinco fazendas com cabras lactantes (L) e cinco fazendas com cabras não lactantes (NL) foram avaliadas. No primeiro nível de bem-estar, os animais foram avaliados nas baias e, durante o segundo nível de bem-estar, os animais foram avaliados na baia e individualmente. Os indicadores avaliados foram baseados em animais e recursos. Diferença significativa entre L e NL nas fazendas foi estabelecida em P<0,05. Apenas o indicador na fila na alimentação mostrou diferença significativa (P=0,027) entre os grupos na baia no primeiro nível de bem-estar. Nas avaliações individuais, houve diferença significativa entre L e NL com relação ao escore de condição corporal (P=0,003), sobrecrescimento das unhas (P=0,001) e assimetria do úbere (P=0,001). A aplicação do protocolo AWIN de cabras modificado em fazendas no Ceará foi considerada positiva. De modo geral, esses resultados demonstraram que ambos os grupos estão submetidos a problemas de bem-estar no Ceará, embora cabras em lactação apresentem mais desafios para enfrentar.(AU)

Bem-estar dos cães de abrigos municipais no estado do Paraná, Brasil, segundo o protocolo Shelter Quality / The welfare of dogs from municipal shelters in the state of Paraná, Brazil, under the Shelter Quality protocol

O bem-estar dos animais, além dos aspectos individuais, depende do entendimento e dedicação dos responsáveis pelo abrigo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o bem-estar dos cães mantidos em abrigos municipais do estado do Paraná, mediante a aplicação do protocolo Shelter Quality. Foram avaliados 16 abrigos, 439 cães e 165 recintos, na estação do outono de 2017. A maioria dos abrigos apresentou cães com condição corporal adequada e pelagem limpa, em recintos seguros, com metragem e suprimento de água adequados e conforto térmico. Além disso, a maioria dos cães eram mantidos em recintos coletivos e em ambientes abertos, com baixo nível de ruído e demonstravam mais emoções positivas, desejáveis na adoção. Como aspectos negativos, 58% (96/165) dos recintos avaliados tinham camas inadequadas ou inexistentes e 30% (50/165) dos recintos mantinham cães individualmente, sendo indicadores de baixo grau de bem-estar para os cães envolvidos. Além disso, nenhum abrigo disponibilizava ração para cães idosos e 81% (13/16) dos abrigos negligenciavam o diagnóstico e tratamento da dor. Apesar de a maioria dos abrigos apresentarem mais pontos positivos que negativos em sua avaliação, a gestão dos abrigos deve sempre visar à correção dos pontos críticos que comprometam o bem-estar dos animais.(AU)

Animal welfare, in addition to individual aspects, depends on the understanding and dedication of those responsible for the shelter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the welfare of dogs kept in municipal shelters in the state of Paraná, using the Shelter Quality protocol. A total of 16 shelters, 439 dogs and 165 enclosures were evaluated in the fall season of 2017. Most shelters presented dogs with adequate body condition and clean coat, in secure enclosures with adequate water supply and thermal comfort. In addition, most dogs were kept in collective enclosures and in open environments, with low noise levels and showing more positive, desirable emotions in adoption. As negative aspects, 58% (96/165) of the precincts evaluated had inadequate or inexistent beds and 30% (50/165) of the enclosures kept dogs individually, being indicators of a low degree of well-being for the dogs involved. In addition, no shelter provided elderly dog rations and 81% (13/16) of the shelters neglected the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Although most shelters present more positive than negative points in their evaluation, shelter management should always aim at correcting critical points that compromise animal welfare.(AU)

Características relevantes das instalações e da gestão de abrigos públicos de animais no estado do Paraná, Brasil, para o bem-estar animal / Relevant characteristics of facilities and management of public animal shelters in the state of paraná, Brazil, for animal welfare

Animais podem ser eventualmente recolhidos em abrigos públicos no Brasil e o ambiente de alojamento afeta diretamente sua qualidade de vida. Este trabalho estudou características relevantes das instalações físicas e da gestão dos estabelecimentos vinculados ao poder público municipal que abrigam cães, gatos e cavalos no estado do Paraná. Foram registrados 17 municípios com 20 abrigos, dos quais 18 participaram da pesquisa. Todos os municípios mantinham cães, sete (41,2%) mantinham gatos e oito (47,1%) mantinham cavalos. Todos os abrigos apresentavam recintos coletivos; dois (11,8%) de cães e cinco (71,5%) de gatos mantinham um animal por recinto; quatro (22,2%) mantinham recintos sem visualização além do próprio recinto; 11 (64,7%) realizavam limpeza adequadamente; cinco (29,4%) abrigos de cães e um (14,3%) de gatos não tinham área para quarentena ou isolamento sanitário; camas estavam disponíveis em 15 (88,2%), cinco (71,4%) e um (12,5%) dos recintos de cães, gatos e cavalos, respectivamente. Os abrigos de animais no Paraná devem banir recintos de isolamento social, incluir uma cama por animal e socializar os animais. Adicionalmente, há oportunidade de aumentar o grau de bem-estar animal por meio de melhorias no manejo dos animais e no manejo sanitário, as quais não dependem de reformas nas instalações.(AU)

Animals may be eventually collected by public shelters in Brazil and the shelter's environment directly affects their quality of life. This work studied relevant characteristics of the physical facilities and the management of establishments liked to the municipal public power that shelter dogs, cats and horses in the state of Paraná. It was registered 17 municipalities with 20 shelters, of which 18 participated in the research. All the municipalities maintained dogs, seven (41.2%) maintained cats and eight (47.1%) kept horses. All the shelters had social housing; two (11.8%) of dogs and five (71.5%) of cats housing one animal per pen; four (22,2%) there were pens that didn't have visualization for outside; 11 (64.7%) had cleaning correctly; five (29.4%) shelters that sheltered dogs and one (14.3%) that sheltered cats didn't have area for quarantine and isolation restroom; beds were available in 15 (88.2%), five (71.4%) and one (12.5%) of the pens of dogs, cats and horses, respectively. Animal shelters in Paraná should ban pens isolation, include one bedding per animal and socialize the animals. In addition, there is an opportunity to increase the animal welfare through improvements in animal management and sanitary management, which do not depend on the housing improvements.(AU)

Caracterização físico-química de amostras de mel de abelha africanizada dos municípios de Santa Helena e Terra Roxa (PR) / Physicochemical parameters of honey from samples from africanized honeybees in Santa Helena and terra roxa counties (PR)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização físico-química de amostras de mel de Apis mellifera coletadas nos municípios de Santa Helena e Terra Roxa, localizados na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de mel, sendo 20 do município de Santa Helena e 20 de Terra Roxa (PR), coletadas diretamente com os apicultores, as quais foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas de umidade, acidez, pH, cinzas, condutividade elétrica e cor, a fim de verificar se as mesmas apresentavam-se em conformidade com a legislação nacional vigente (Instrução Normativa nº 11), além de conhecer o perfil físico-químico do mel das diferentes localidades, na safra 2008/2009. Os dados encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. Os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,05) apenas entre os valores de acidez, tendo o mel oriundo de Terra Roxa apresentado valor mais alto (33,45±7,7meq.kg-1) que o de Santa Helena (24,53±6,3meq.kg-1). Em sua maioria, as amostras analisadas encontraram-se dentro das especificações determinadas pela legislação para as características físico-químicas, com exceção do parâmetro de umidade, que, apesar de não ter apresentado diferença significativa entre os valores encontrados para os dois municípios, estavam acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação (20 por cento) em 8 amostras do município de Santa Helena e em 7 de Terra Roxa, totalizando 37,5 por cento) das amostras. Essa característica pode ter deixado o produto mais susceptível à fermentação e pode ter sido ocasionada pela colheita imatura do mel...

This study aimed to physicochemically characterize the honey samples of Apis mellifera collected in Santa Helena and Terra Roxa counties, located in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. Forty honey samples were collected, 20 in Santa Helena and 20 in Terra Roxa (PR) counties, directly from beekeepers, and were subjected to physico-chemical analyzes of moisture, acidity, pH, ashes, electrical conductivity and color, to verify whether they were in accordance with the existing national legislation (Instruction No. 11), in addition to knowing the physicochemical profile of different sites during the 2008/2009 season. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and F test at 5 percent significance level. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between values of acidity, and the honey samples from Terra Roxa presented a higher value (33.45±7.7 meq.kg-1) than Santa Helena (24 = 53±6.3 meq.kg-1). Most of the analyzed samples were within the specifications prescribed in the legislation for the physico-chemical parameters except for moisture, which despite having presented a significant difference between values obtained from two counties, were above the limits established by the legislation (20 percent) in eight samples in Santa Helena and seven in Terra Roxa counties, totaling 37.5 percent. This characteristic may have made the product more susceptible to fermentation, and may have been caused by harvesting immature honey...

Comparison of three laboratorial tests for diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection / Comparação de três testes laboratoriais para diagnóstico da infecção pelo parvovírus canino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the rapid tests currently used for canine parvovirus (CPV) diagnosis: hemagglutination test (HA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 112 fecal samples collected from diarrheic puppies up to one year of age were tested. The EIA was able to detect CPV antigen in 44 samples. By HA, 32 samples tested highly positive with titers >128, eight tested weakly positive (titers 32 and 64) and 72 were negative (titers <16). Using PCR, 57 samples were found positive including 13 EIA-negative and 19 HA-negative samples. The best correlation was observed between EIA and PCR (88.4%). These tests were able to detect all types of CPV, including CPV-2c. Considering that 23%-33% of dogs presenting enteritis did not show infection by EIA nor HA, negative results from the antigen detection tests should be confirmed through molecular methods.

Avaliaram-se os métodos rápidos rotineiramente utilizados para diagnóstico da infecção por parvovírus canino (CPV): teste de hemaglutinação (HA), ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) e reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Um total de 112 amostras fecais de cães diarreicos com até um ano de idade foi testado. O EIE foi capaz de detectar o antígeno do CPV em 44 amostras. Por HA, 32 amostras foram consideradas fortemente positivas com títulos >128, oito fracamente positivas (títulos 32 e 64) e 72 negativas (títulos <16). Por PCR, 57 amostras foram positivas incluindo 13 EIE-negativas e 19 HA-negativas. A melhor correlação foi observada entre EIE e PCR (88,4%). Os testes foram capazes de detectar todos os tipos de CPV, incluindo o CPV-2c. Considerando-se que em 23%-33% dos filhotes com enterite a infecção por CPV não foi diagnosticada pelos testes de EIE e HA, os resultados negativos nos testes de detecção de antígeno devem ser confirmados por meio de métodos moleculares.

Partial VP2 sequencing of canine parvovirus (CPV) strains circulating in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: detection of the new variant CPV-2c

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important enteric virus for dogs and it seems to be undergoing continuous evolution, generating new genetic and antigenic variants throughout the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of CPV variants from 1995 to 2009 and to investigate the circulation of the new variant CPV-2c in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In addition, the clinical features of CPV infection were also reported. After CPV laboratorial confirmation by HA/HI and PCR, thirty-two fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing a 583-bp fragment of the VP2 gene. One sample, collected in 2008 was typed as the new type CPV-2c. All samples from 1995 to 2003 were identified as "new CPV-2a". From 2004 to 2006, both "new CPV-2a" and CPV-2b were observed. From 2006 to 2009, most of the samples were characterized as CPV-2b. The classical signs of CPV enteritis were observed in 16/18 CPV-2a and 5/13 CPV-2b infected puppies. These results show that continuous epidemiological surveillance of CPV strain distribution is essential for studying the patterns of CPV-2a and 2b spread and for determining whether the new variant CPV-2c has become permanently established in Brazilian canine population.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis in the State of Rio de Janeiro: 1995 - 2004

This paper relates the clinical and epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus infection (CPV) in the State of Rio de Janeiro from April 1995 to March 2004. A total of 341 fecal samples were collected from up to 6-months-old puppies with gastroenteritis. The diagnosis of CPV infection was confirmed by hemagglutination/ hemagglutination inhibition tests, enzyme immunoassay, virus isolation in cell culture or polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and fifty-seven samples (46 percent) were positive for CPV. No correlation among sex, breed or age and the occurrence of CPV infection was observed. The classical signs of parvoviral enteritis (anorexia, lethargy, vomiting and hemorrhagic fluid diarrhea) were observed in 70 percent of CPV-positive and in 60 percent of CPV-negative puppies. Although CPV could be detected throughout the studied period, its occurrence was significantly higher from June to September and November to December. These results show that CPV is still circulating in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Este trabalho relata os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da infecção pelo CPV no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de abril de 1995 a março de 2004. Coletaram-se 341 amostras fecais de cães com até seis meses de idade que apresentavam gastrenterite. O diagnóstico da infecção pelo CPV foi confirmado através dos testes de hemaglutinação/inibição da hemaglutinação, ensaio imunoenzimático, isolamento viral em cultura de células ou reação em cadeia pela polimerase. Cento e cinqüenta e sete amostras (46 por cento) foram consideradas positivas para CPV. Não foi observada correlação entre sexo, raça ou idade e a ocorrência da infecção por CPV. Os sinais clínicos clássicos de parvovirose (vômito, anorexia, apatia e diarréia líquida hemorrágica) foram observados em 70 por cento dos animais positivos e 60 por cento dos animais negativos para CPV. O CPV foi detectado ao longo do período estudado, entretanto observou-se um aumento do número de casos positivos nos períodos de junho a setembro e novembro a dezembro. Estes resultados mostram que o CPV ainda circula no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Detection of double-stranded RNA viruses in fecal samples of dogs with gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Colheram-se 163 amostras fecais no período de 1995 a 2001 para investigar a ocorrência da infecção por parvovírus e rotavírus em cães com gastrenterite utilizando-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Em três amostras observou-se a presença do genoma bisegmentado similar ao perfil eletroforético dos picobirnavírus (PBV) e em uma, três segmentos de RNA dupla fita, característico de picotrirnavírus. Das amostras positivas para PBV, duas foram obtidas de filhotes e uma foi positiva para parvovírus canino. Este é o primeiro relato da detecção de vírus com genoma bisegmentado em cães com diarréia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Effects of lead and/or zinc exposure during the second stage of rapid postnatal brain growth on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase and negative geotaxis of suckling rats

Lead has been shown to produce cognitive and motor deficits in young rats that could be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of the zinc-containing heme biosynthetic enzyme delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D). In the present study we investigated the effects of lead and/or zinc treatment during the second stage of rapid postnatal brain development on brain, kidney and blood ALA-D specific activity, as well as the negative geotaxis behavior of rats. Eight-day-old Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline, lead acetate (8 mg/kg) and/or zinc chloride (2 mg/kg) daily for five consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after treatment, ALA-D activity was determined in the absence and presence of DL-dithiothreitol (DTT). The negative geotaxis behavior was assessed in 9- to 13-day-old rats. Treatment with lead and/or zinc did not affect body, brain or kidney weights or brain- or kidney-to-body weight ratios of the animals. In spite of the absence of effect of any treatment on ALA-D specific activity in brain, kidney and blood, the reactivation index with DTT was higher in the groups treated with lead or lead + zinc than in the control group, in brain, kidney and blood (mean + or - SEM; brain: 33.33 + or - 4.34, 38.90 + or - 8.24, 13.67 + or - 3.41; kidney: 33.50 + or - 2.97, 37.60 + or - 2.67, 15.80 + or - 2.66; blood: 63.95 + or - 3.73, 56.43 + or - 5.93, 31.07 + or - 4.61, respectively, N = 9-11). The negative geotaxis response behavior was not affected by lead and/or zinc treatment. The results indicate that lead and/or zinc treatment during the second stage of rapid postnatal brain growth affected ALA-D, but zinc was not sufficient to protect the enzyme from the effects of lead in brain, kidney and blood.

Accuracy and porosity of denture bases submitted to two polymerization cycles.

In this study was verified accuracy and porosity of denture bases submitted to double cycles of polymerization. Thirty-Six master casts were made in dental stone from the impression of the metal die. They were divided in three groups. Denture bases of conventional acrylic resin were made on the casts of the groups I (GI-control) and II (GII), polymerized in water bath during 9 hours at 73 degrees C, and specific resin for microwave polymerization were made on the casts of the group III (GIII) and cured at 500 W during 3 minutes. Accuracy was verified by the weight of a impression material put between the denture base and cast die under load of 2 Kg. Afterwards, all the denture bases were relined by addition method and those of the group I and II were relined with the same material and polymerization technic. The denture bases of the group II were filled with the same resin, however cured in microwave oven with 500 W during 3 minutes. Accuracy was reevaluated. The porosity was verified by the immersion of the specimens in a solution of permanent black ink and the pores were counted through a stereo light microscope under magnification of 6.3 x. The average and standard deviation obtained for accuracy before and after the relining were respectively: GI: 0.63 +/- 0.02 - 0.66 +/- 0.03; GII: 0.63 +/- 0.03 - 0.68 +/- 0.03: GIII: 0.58 +/- 0.02 - 0.80 +/- 0.05. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05 as tested by Tukey) only for the group III. The average and standard deviation for porosity before and after the relining were respectively: GI: 8.33 +/- 0.63 - 9.25 +/- 0.85; GII: 8.17 +/- 0.98 - 10.08 +/- 1.63: GIII: 5.41 +/- 0.78 - 6.58 +/- 1.02. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for the group III before relining. The conclusion is that after relining, the conventional resin cured by water bath or microwaves energy showed a better adaptation, and the highest number of pores.

Tratamento cirúrgico da intussuscepçäo gastroesofágica no cäo. Relato de caso / Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal intussusception in the dog. A case report

É relatado caso de intussuscepçäo gastroesofágica em cadela de 3 meses de idade, da raça Pastor Alemäo, afecçäo rara nesta espécie. O animal apresentou sintomas de regurgitaçäo e dispnéia acentuada, sendo o diagnóstico clínico confirmado por meio de exame radiográfico do tórax. Preconizou-se, após a reidrataçäo do cäo, o tratamento cirúrgico que constou de laparotomia, reduçäo do estômago à sua posiçäo anatômica e fundoplicatura gastroesofágica. No período pós-cirúrgico, notou-se melhora dos sintomas, porém no 7§ dia o animal veio a óbito, näo sendo possível determinar a causa. Tecem-se comentários sobre a provável etiologia do processo, a possibilidade de tratamento cirúrgico e a associaçäo de esofagopatias relacionadas à intussuscepçäo gastroesofágica